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Atmospheric physics Atmospheric dynamics category. Weather category · portal. Climate category Climate change category. Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which include atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physicswith a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millenniathough significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century.
The 19th century saw modest progress in biology unit 5 synoptic essay help field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were biology unit 5 synoptic essay help. An important branch of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water.
Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by the science of meteorology. Meteorological phenomena are described and quantified by the variables of Earth's atmosphere : temperatureair pressurewater vapourmass flowand the variations and interactions of these variables, and how they change over time. Different spatial scales are used to describe and predict weather on local, regional, and global levels.
Meteorology, climatologyatmospheric physicsbiology unit 5 synoptic essay help, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. The interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such biology unit 5 synoptic essay help the militaryenergy productiontransportagricultureand construction.
The word meteorology is from the Ancient Greek μετέωρος metéōros meteor and -λογία -logia - o logymeaning "the study of things high in the air. The ability to predict rains and floods based on annual cycles was evidently used by humans at least from the time of agricultural settlement if not earlier.
Early approaches to predicting weather were based on astrology and were practiced by priests. Cuneiform inscriptions on Babylonian tablets included associations between thunder and rain. The Chaldeans differentiated the 22° and 46° halos. Ancient Indian Upanishads contain mentions of clouds and seasons.
In BC, Aristotle wrote Meteorology. The book De Mundo composed before BC or between and BC noted: biology unit 5 synoptic essay help. The Greek scientist Theophrastus compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the Book of Signs. The work of Theophrastus remained a dominant influence in the study of weather and in weather forecasting for nearly 2, years.
He describes the meteorological character of the sky, the planets and constellationsthe sun and moonthe lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the anwa heavenly bodies of rainand atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, biology unit 5 synoptic essay help, rivers, lakes.
Early attempts at predicting weather were often related to prophecy and divining, and were sometimes based on astrological ideas. Admiral FitzRoy tried to separate scientific approaches from prophetic ones. Ptolemy wrote on the atmospheric refraction of light in the context of astronomical observations.
Albert the Great was the first to propose that each drop of falling rain had the form of a small sphere, and that this form meant that the rainbow was produced by light interacting with each raindrop.
He stated that a rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42 degrees above the horizon. Theoderic went further and also explained the secondary rainbow. InKing Sejong 's son, Prince Munjong of Korea, invented the first standardized rain gauge. InLeone Battista Alberti developed a swinging-plate anemometerand was known as the first anemometer. InJohannes Kepler wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: "Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow.
InGabriel Fahrenheit created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In —, Luke Howard wrote On the Modification of Cloudsin which he assigns cloud types Latin names. The April launch of the first successful weather satelliteTIROS-1marked the beginning of the age where weather information became available globally, biology unit 5 synoptic essay help. InBlaise Pascal rediscovered that atmospheric pressure decreases with height, biology unit 5 synoptic essay help, and deduced that there is a vacuum above the atmosphere.
InBlack's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogenwhich he called phlogisticated airand together they developed the phlogiston theory. InJohn Dalton defended caloric theory in A New System of Chemistry and described how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposed that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight.
InSadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such biology unit 5 synoptic essay help exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics. InChristopher Columbus experienced a tropical cyclone, which led to the first written European account of a hurricane.
Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis published a paper in on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts, such as waterwheels. Bythis deflecting force was named the Coriolis effect, biology unit 5 synoptic essay help.
In the late 16th century and first half of the 17th century a range of meteorological instruments were invented — the thermometerbarometerhydrometeras well as wind and rain gauges. In the s natural philosophers started using these instruments to systematically record weather observations. Scientific academies established weather diaries and organised observational networks. The collected data were sent to Florence at regular time intervals.
Hippocrates ' treatise Airs, Waters, and Places had linked weather to disease. Thus early meteorologists attempted to correlate weather patterns with epidemic outbreaks, and the climate with public health. During the Age of Enlightenment meteorology tried to rationalise traditional weather lore, including astrological meteorology.
But there were also attempts to establish a theoretical understanding of weather phenomena. Edmond Halley and George Hadley tried to explain trade winds. They reasoned that the rising mass of heated equator air is replaced by an inflow of cooler air from high latitudes. A flow of warm air at high altitude from equator to poles in turn established an early picture of circulation. Frustration with the lack of discipline among weather observers, and the poor quality of the instruments, led the early modern nation states to organise large observation networks.
Thus by the end of the 18th century, meteorologists had access to large quantities of reliable weather data. This data could be used to produce maps of the state of the atmosphere for a region near the Earth's surface biology unit 5 synoptic essay help to study how these states evolved through time. To make frequent weather forecasts based on these data required a reliable network of observations, but it was not until that the Smithsonian Institution began to establish an observation network across the United States under the leadership of Joseph Henry.
The Reverend William Clement Ley was key in understanding of cirrus clouds and early understandings of Jet Streams.
FitzRoy's office became the United Kingdom Meteorological Office inthe second oldest national meteorological service in the world the Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics ZAMG in Austria was founded in and is the oldest weather service in the world. The first daily weather forecasts made by FitzRoy's Office were published in The Times newspaper in The following year a system was introduced of hoisting storm warning cones at principal ports when a gale was expected.
Over the next 50 years, many countries established national meteorological services. The India Meteorological Department was established to follow tropical cyclone and monsoon. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology was established by a Meteorology Act to unify existing state meteorological services. InNorwegian scientist Vilhelm Bjerknes first argued in his paper Weather Forecasting as a Problem in Mechanics and Physics that it should be possible to forecast weather from calculations based upon natural laws.
It was not until later in the 20th century that advances in the understanding of atmospheric physics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction. InLewis Fry Richardson published "Weather Prediction By Numerical Process," [54] after finding notes and derivations he worked on as an ambulance driver in World War I. He described how small terms in the prognostic fluid dynamics equations that govern atmospheric flow could be neglected, and a numerical calculation scheme that could be devised to allow predictions.
Richardson envisioned a large auditorium of thousands of people performing the calculations. However, the sheer number of calculations required was too large to complete without electronic computers, and the size of the grid and time steps used in the calculations led to unrealistic results.
Biology unit 5 synoptic essay help numerical analysis later found that this was due to numerical instability. Starting in the s, numerical forecasts with computers became feasible. In the s, the chaotic nature of biology unit 5 synoptic essay help atmosphere was first observed and mathematically described by Edward Lorenzfounding the field of chaos theory. These climate models are used to investigate long-term climate shifts, such as what effects might be caused by human emission of greenhouse gases.
Meteorologists are scientists who study and work in the field of meteorology. In the United States, meteorologists held about 10, jobs in Although weather forecasts and warnings are the best known products of meteorologists for the public, weather presenters on radio and television are not necessarily professional meteorologists.
They are most often reporters with little formal meteorological training, using unregulated titles such as weather specialist or weatherman. The American Meteorological Society and National Weather Association issue "Seals of Approval" to weather broadcasters who meet certain requirements but this is not mandatory to be hired by the media. Each science has its own unique sets of laboratory equipment.
In the atmosphere, there are many things or qualities of the atmosphere that can be measured. Rain, which can be observed, or seen anywhere and anytime was one of the first atmospheric qualities measured historically.
Also, biology unit 5 synoptic essay help, two other accurately measured qualities are wind and humidity. Neither of these can be seen but can be felt, biology unit 5 synoptic essay help. The devices to measure these three sprang up in the midth century and were respectively the rain gaugethe anemometer, and the hygrometer.
Many attempts had been made prior to the 15th century to construct adequate equipment to measure the many atmospheric variables. Many were faulty biology unit 5 synoptic essay help some way or were simply not reliable. Even Aristotle noted this in some of his work as the difficulty to measure the air. Sets of surface measurements are important data to meteorologists. They give biology unit 5 synoptic essay help snapshot of a variety of weather conditions at one single location and are usually at a weather stationa ship or a weather buoy.
The measurements taken at a weather station can include any number of atmospheric observables. Usually, temperature, pressurewind measurements, and humidity are the variables that are measured by a thermometer, barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer, respectively.
Upper air data are of crucial importance for weather forecasting. The most widely used technique is launches of radiosondes. Supplementing the radiosondes a network of aircraft collection is organized by the World Meteorological Organization.
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