May 31, · Intelligence: Nature vs. Nurture. If we say intelligence is nature it means that human beings are born with it but if we were to say it is nurtured then it means that one can be born not intelligent but develops the intelligence over time. According to Spearman, intelligence is natural in that you either have the g-factor or not (Anderson, ) Now that you have some nature vs. nurture articles to get you going, you can move on to developing a strong argument, writing a killer outline, and then starting on your persuasive essay. You might also check out these example essays on nature vs. nurture to get ideas for how you can tackle your essay Dec 20, · The nature versus nurture debate involves the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e., genetic) or acquired (i.e., learned) influences. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors
Language Acquisition: Nature vs. Nurture - Words | Essay Example
The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment, either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes. The alliterative expression "nature and nurture" in English has been in use since at least the Elizabethan period [2] and goes back to medieval French.
The complementary combination of the two concepts is an ancient concept Greek : ἁπό φύσεως καὶ εὐτροφίας. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. The phrase in its modern sense was popularized by the Victorian polymath Francis Galtonnature vs nurture essays, the modern nature vs nurture essays of eugenics and behavioral genetics when he was discussing the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement.
The view that humans acquire all or almost all their behavioral traits from "nurture" was termed tabula rasa 'blank tablet, slate' by John Locke in A blank slate view sometimes termed blank-slatism in human developmental psychologywhich assumes that human behavioral traits develop almost exclusively from environmental influences, was widely held during much of the nature vs nurture essays century.
The debate between "blank-slate" denial of the influence of heritabilityand the view admitting both environmental and heritable traits, has often been cast in terms of nature versus nurture, nature vs nurture essays.
These two conflicting approaches to human development were at the core of an ideological dispute over research agendas throughout the second half of the 20th century. As both "nature" and "nurture" factors were found to contribute substantially, often in an inextricable manner, nature vs nurture essays, such views were seen as naive or outdated by most scholars of human development by the 21st-century.
The strong dichotomy of nature versus nurture has thus been claimed to have limited relevance in some fields of research. Close feedback loops have been found in which nature and nurture influence one another constantly, as seen in self-domestication.
In ecology and behavioral geneticsresearchers think nurture has an essential influence on nature. According to Records of the Grand Historian 94 BC by Sima Qianduring Chen Sheng Wu Guang uprising in B. John Locke 's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is often cited as the foundational document of the blank slate view.
In the EssayLocke specifically criticizes René Descartes 's claim of an innate idea of God that is universal to humanity. Locke's view was harshly criticized in his own time. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesburycomplained that by denying the possibility of any innate ideas, Locke "threw all order and virtue out of the world," leading to total moral relativism. By the 19th century, the predominant perspective was contrary to that of Locke's, tending to focus on " instinct.
The question of "innate ideas" or "instincts" were of some importance in the discussion of free will in moral philosophy. In 18th-century philosophy, this was cast in terms of "innate ideas" establishing the presence of a universal virtue, prerequisite for objective morals. In the 20th century, this argument was in a way inverted, nature vs nurture essays, since some philosophers J.
Mackie now argued that the evolutionary origins of human behavioral traits forces us to concede that there is no foundation for ethics, while others Thomas Nagel treated ethics as a field of cognitively valid statements in complete isolation from evolutionary considerations.
In the early 20th century, there was an increased interest in the role of the environment, as a reaction to the strong focus on pure heredity in the wake of the triumphal success of Darwin's theory of evolution. Franz Boas 's The Mind of Primitive Man established a program that would dominate American anthropology for the next 15 nature vs nurture essays. In this study, he established that in any given populationbiologylanguagematerialand symbolic cultureare autonomous ; that each is an equally important dimension of human nature, but that none of these dimensions is reducible to another.
John B. Watson in the s and s established the school of purist behaviorism that would become dominant over the following decades. Watson is nature vs nurture essays said to have been convinced of the complete dominance of cultural influence over anything that heredity might contribute.
This is based on the following quote which is frequently repeated without context, as the last sentence is frequently omitted, leading to confusion about Watson's position: [23]. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select — doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, nature vs nurture essays, vocations, and race of his ancestors, nature vs nurture essays.
I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. During the s to s, Ashley Montagu was a notable proponent of this purist form of behaviorism which allowed no contribution from heredity whatsoever: [24]. Man is man because he has no instincts, because everything he is and has become he has learned, acquired, nature vs nurture essays, from his culture with the exception of the instinctoid reactions in infants to sudden withdrawals of support and to nature vs nurture essays loud noises, the human being is entirely instinctless.
InCalvin Hall suggested that the dichotomy opposing nature to nurture is ultimately fruitless. In African Genesis and The Territorial ImperativeRobert Ardrey argues for innate attributes of human nature, especially concerning territoriality.
Desmond Morris in The Naked Ape expresses similar views. Organised opposition to Montagu's kind of purist "blank-slatism" began to pick up in the s, notably led by E, nature vs nurture essays.
Wilson On Human Nature The tool of twin studies was developed as a research design intended to exclude all confounders based on inherited behavioral traits. Twin studies established that there was, in many cases, a significant heritable component.
purist nativism. Rather, nature vs nurture essays, it was purist behaviorism that was gradually replaced by the now-predominant view that both kinds of factors usually contribute to a given trait, anecdotally phrased by Donald Hebb nature vs nurture essays an answer to the question "which, nature or nurture, contributes more to personality?
In a comparable avenue of research, anthropologist Donald Brown in the s surveyed hundreds of anthropological studies from around the world and collected a set of cultural universals. He identified approximately such features, coming to the conclusion there is indeed a "universal human nature", and that these features point to what that universal human nature is. At the height of the controversy, during the s to s, the debate was highly ideologised.
In Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human NatureRichard LewontinSteven Rose and Leon Kamin criticise " genetic determinism " from a Marxist framework, arguing that "Science is the ultimate legitimator of bourgeois ideology If biological determinism is a weapon in the struggle between classes, then the universities are weapons factories, and their teaching and research faculties are the engineers, designers, and production workers. The authors deny this, nature vs nurture essays, requesting that evolutionary inclinations be discarded in ethical and political discussions regardless of whether they exist or not.
Heritability studies became much easier to perform, and hence much more numerous, with the advances of genetic studies during the s. By the late s, an overwhelming amount of evidence had accumulated that amounts to a refutation of the extreme forms of "blank-slatism" advocated by Watson or Montagu.
This revised state of affairs was summarized in books aimed at a popular audience from the late s. In The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They DoJudith Rich Harris was heralded by Steven Pinker as a book that "will come to be seen as a turning point in the history of psychology.
The situation as it presented itself by the end of the 20th century was summarized in The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature by Steven Pinker. The book became a best-seller, and was instrumental in bringing to the attention of a wider public the paradigm shift away from the behaviourist purism of the s to s that had taken place over the preceding decades, nature vs nurture essays. Pinker portrays the adherence to pure blank-slatism as an ideological dogma linked to two other dogmas found in the dominant view of human nature in the 20th century:.
Pinker argues that all three dogmas were held onto for an extended period even in the face of evidence because they were seen as desirable in the sense that if any human trait is purely conditioned by culture, any undesired trait such as crime or aggression may be engineered away by purely cultural political means, nature vs nurture essays.
Pinker focuses on reasons he assumes were responsible for unduly repressing evidence to the contrary, notably the fear of imagined or projected political or ideological consequences. It is important to note that the term heritability refers only to the degree of genetic variation between people on a trait. It does not refer to the degree to which a trait of a particular individual is due to environmental or genetic factors.
The traits of an individual are always a complex interweaving of both. In contrast, the "heritability index" statistically quantifies the extent to which variation between individuals on a trait is due to variation in the genes those individuals carry. In animals where breeding and environments can be controlled experimentally, heritability can be determined relatively easily.
Such experiments would be unethical for human research. This problem can be overcome by finding existing populations of humans that reflect the experimental setting the researcher wishes to create. One way to determine the contribution of genes and environment to a trait is to study twins. The twins share identical genes, but different family environments. Twins reared apart are not assigned at random to foster or adoptive parents.
In another kind of twin study, identical twins reared together who share family environment and genes are compared to fraternal twins reared together who also share family environment but only share half their genes, nature vs nurture essays.
Another condition that permits the disassociation of genes and environment is adoption. In one kind of adoption studybiological siblings reared together who share the same family environment and half their genes are compared to adoptive siblings who share their family environment but none of their genes. In many cases, it has been found that genes make a substantial contribution, including psychological traits such as intelligence and personality.
Examples of low, medium, and high heritability traits include:. Twin and adoption studies have their methodological nature vs nurture essays. For example, both are limited to the range of environments and genes which they sample. Almost all of these studies are conducted in Western countries, and therefore cannot necessarily be extrapolated globally to include non-western populations.
Additionally, nature vs nurture essays, both types of studies depend nature vs nurture essays particular assumptions, such as the equal environments assumption in the case nature vs nurture essays twin studies, and the lack of pre-adoptive effects in the case of adoption studies.
Since the definition of "nature" in this context is tied to "heritability", the definition of "nurture" has consequently become very wide, including any type of causality that is not heritable. The term has thus moved away from its original connotation of "cultural influences" to include all effects of the environment, including; indeed, a substantial source of environmental input to human nature may arise from stochastic variations in prenatal development and is thus in no sense of the term "cultural".
Many properties of the brain are genetically organized, nature vs nurture essays don't depend on information coming in from the senses. The interactions of genes with environment, called gene—environment interactionsare another component of the nature—nurture debate. A classic example of gene—environment interaction is the ability of a diet low in the amino acid phenylalanine to partially suppress the genetic disease phenylketonuria.
Yet another complication to the nature—nurture debate is the existence of gene—environment correlations. These correlations indicate that individuals with certain genotypes are more likely to find themselves in certain environments.
Thus, it appears that genes can shape the selection or creation of environments. Even using experiments like those described above, it can be very difficult to determine convincingly the relative contribution of genes and environment. Heritability refers to the origins of differences between people. Individual development, even of highly heritable traits, such as eye color, depends on a range of environmental factors, nature vs nurture essays, from the other genes in the organism, to physical variables such as temperature, oxygen levels etc.
during its development or ontogenesis. The variability of trait can be meaningfully spoken of as being due in certain proportions to nature vs nurture essays differences "nature"or environments "nurture". For highly penetrant Mendelian genetic disorders such as Huntington's disease virtually all the incidence of the disease is due to genetic differences.
Huntington's animal models live much longer or shorter lives depending on how they are cared for. At the other extreme, traits such as native language are environmentally determined: linguists have found that any child if capable of learning a language at all can learn any human language with equal facility.
At a molecular level, genes interact with signals from other genes and from the environment. While there are many thousands of single-gene-locus traits, so-called nature vs nurture essays traits are due to the additive effects of many often hundreds of small gene effects. A good example of this is height, where variance appears to be spread across many hundreds of loci. Extreme genetic or environmental conditions can predominate in rare circumstances—if a child is born mute due to a genetic mutationit will not learn to speak any language regardless of the environment; similarly, nature vs nurture essays who is practically certain to eventually develop Huntington's disease according to their genotype may die in an unrelated accident an environmental event long before the disease will manifest itself.
Nature and Nurture: The Study of Twins
, time: 4:13Nature vs nurture behavior essays
Nature vs nurture article will give you an idea and perhaps a good strategy of writing in addition to what is nature vs nurture explained with examples. Read on to find out more on how to write this essay. Nature versus nature essay is structured just like other essays. It 1 day ago · Nature vs nurture behavior essays ** Agents! Reps! Whichever you prefer, you can edit your tile whenever you like. The best way to “claim” your tile is to create a user profile by signing in at the top right of blogger.com, creating a username, getting a temporary password, and then logging back in. When you enter your URL in Mar 26, · Nature and nurture complement each other in shaping an individual. Conclusion. Conclusively, nature and nurture are broiling discussion, and both sides have valid points to justify their stands. Nature is purely based on the fact that genetic makeup influence how
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